Semiconductors are materials with electrical conductivity between that of conductors, like metals, and insulators, like rubber. This unique property allows them to sometimes conduct electricity and sometimes block it, depending on conditions such as voltage, temperature, or light. The most commonly used semiconductor materials are silicon and germanium.

Semiconductors are the foundation of modern electronics because their electrical behavior can be precisely controlled through a process called doping, where tiny amounts of impurities are added. This makes it possible to create diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits, which are essential for controlling, amplifying, and switching electrical signals.

Today, semiconductors are used in virtually all electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, solar panels, LEDs, and power supplies. In simple terms, semiconductors are special materials that control the flow of electricity, making modern electronics possible.